TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a reliable transport protocol as it establishes a connection before sending any data and everything that it sends is acknowledged by the receiver.

• Source port: this is a 16-bit field that specifies the port number of the sender.
• Destination port: this is a 16-bit field that specifies the port number of the receiver.
• Sequence number: the sequence number is a 32-bit field that indicates how much data is sent during the TCP session...
• Acknowledgment number: this 32-bit field is used by the receiver to request the next TCP segment...
• DO: this is the 4-bit data offset field, also known as the header length...
• RSV: these are 3 bits for the reserved field...
• Flags: there are 9 bits for flags, also called control bits...
• Window: the 16-bit window field specifies how many bytes the receiver is willing to receive...
• Checksum: 16 bits are used for a checksum to check if the TCP header is OK or not.
• Urgent pointer: these 16 bits are used when the URG bit has been set...
• Options: this field is optional and can be anywhere between 0 and 320 bits.

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a core protocol of the Internet Protocol Suite (commonly known as TCP/IP). It's responsible for establishing and maintaining a reliable connection between two network devices...

• Connection Establishment (Three-Way Handshake): The client initiates a connection by sending a SYN packet...
• Data Transfer: Once the connection is established, data can be transferred between the client and server...
• Reliability and Error Checking: TCP provides reliable data delivery by using acknowledgments and retransmissions...
• Flow Control: TCP uses a mechanism called flow control to prevent the sender from overwhelming the receiver...
• Congestion Control: TCP also implements congestion control to avoid network congestion...
• Connection Termination (Four-Way Handshake): When the data transfer is complete, the client initiates the connection termination...
• TCP Header: The TCP header contains various fields, including source and destination port numbers...

The TCP/IP model, also known as the Internet Protocol Suite, is a conceptual model used to understand and describe how data is transmitted over a network...

• Application Layer: The Application Layer is the top layer of the TCP/IP model and is closest to the end user...
• Transport Layer: The Transport Layer is responsible for end-to-end communication between the sender and receiver...
• Internet Layer: The Internet Layer is responsible for addressing, routing, and packaging data for transmission...
• Link Layer (or Network Access Layer): The Link Layer is responsible for the physical transmission of data...

The TCP three-way handshake is the process used to establish a reliable connection between a client and a server.

• Step 1: SYN (Synchronize)
  • The client initiates a connection by sending a SYN packet to the server.
  • This packet contains an initial sequence number (ISN), which is a randomly chosen number.
• Step 2: SYN-ACK (Synchronize-Acknowledge)
  • The server responds with a SYN-ACK packet.
  • The server also selects its own sequence number and acknowledges the client's ISN by incrementing it by one.
• Step 3: ACK (Acknowledge)
  • The client sends an ACK packet back to the server, confirming receipt of the server’s SYN-ACK.
  • At this point, the connection is established, and data transfer can begin.

This process ensures that both the client and server are synchronized before data is exchanged.